Tajikistan civil war (1992-1997) Research Paper

Employment laws chart free essay sample

Complete the diagram beneath utilizing data from the week after week readings and extra research if essential. Business Law Description and Requirement of Law Court Case Influential to Establishment of Law Importance of Law Workplace Application Civil Rights Act of 1964 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was set up to stay away from separation in recruiting, pay, conditions, and benefits of business dependent on race, religion, shading, sex, or nationality (DeCenzo Robbins, 2007) Katzenbach v. McClung and Heart of Atlanta v. US (Legal Information Institute, 2011) Social equality Act of 1964 guarantees that all candidates are managed an equivalent chance of being recruited and there is no segregation as for one’s sexual orientation, religion, race, shading, or source. It additionally guarantees that activity competitors are chosen and considered due to their abilities and ability. Under the law managers are required to post signs with the Title VII depiction in representative lounges. This guarantees organizations are meeting the necessities and that they are employing and advancing minorities which can secure them against segregation claims. We will compose a custom paper test on Business laws graph or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Equivalent Employment Opportunity Act Certifications employee’s reasonable treatment. Businesses are not permitted to victimize representatives based on age, race, sex, statement of faith, religion, shading, or national starting point. (DeCenzo Robbins, 2007) McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green (Legal Information Institute, 2011) The significance of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act is to guarantee that the Civil Rights Act necessities are being followed and offers capacity to the Employment Commission. Organizations guarantee that they are meeting necessities and being careful that they are recruiting ladies, and individuals of various roots and races. Equivalent Pay Act Requires that people in a similar working environment be given equivalent compensation for equivalent work. Schultz v. Wheaton Glass Co. 1970, (The Wage Gap, 2011) The Equal Pay act is significant in light of the fact that it guarantees that everybody paying little mind to sex be paid a similar compensation for indistinguishable occupations. In the work environment today ladies are getting paid for their insight and experience. Organizations are utilizing distinctive bent tests to decide pay. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 Enacted to shield workers ages 40 to 65 from separation. In 1986 corrected to dispense with the upper age limit by and large (DeCenzo Robbins, 2007) Congress chose to pass the ADEA as a result of an oversight about the more established working power, there was a case in 2008 Gomez v. Potter that permitted government laborers who experienced reprisal for recording a case dependent on the law to sue the organization for harms. The significance of the ADEA is that it shields the more seasoned working power from separation. In today’s economy the retirement age is getting higher and there for there are more seasoned individuals searching for work than previously. Wal-Mart is an extraordinary case of work environment application since they are known for employing senior residents to be entryway greeters. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 Prohibits oppression a basically qualified individual, and expects ventures to sensibly suit people. Tennessee v. Path in 2004 (u-s-history. com,n. d. ) The significance of this demonstration is that it expects organizations to cause sensible lodging to workers with handicaps so the individual in question to can play out their activity. Organizations suit representatives with inabilities by utilizing lifts, brail, and TTD and talking innovation. Social liberties Act of 1991 The refreshed form of this demonstration invalidated select incomparable Court choices and reestablishes weight of confirmation by manager and takes into account correctional and compensatory harms through jury preliminaries. Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio (date) Because a few organizations don't uncover everything that is in an employee’s document this makes it difficult to demonstrate an instance of segregation. Joblessness works a similar way. Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993 Permits representatives in associations of at least 50 workers(each state is extraordinary) to take as long as 12 weeks of unpaid leave for conditions plot in the demonstration. There is no case that built up the law. It was set up to help working families balance work and family life. Ragsdale v. Wolverine World Wide, Inc. (2002) The significance of this demonstration is that it makes it simpler to adjust family, work and different commitments without dreading losing their positions. On the off chance that you have a kid, embrace a youngster, or in the event that you yourself become debilitated or have a wiped out parent, kid, or life partner you might be qualified to take unpaid downtime to be with them without the dread of losing your employment. Protection Act of 1974 This demonstration changes the awkwardness of data. It just applies to national government and necessitates that faculty documents be open for assessment. Was passed as a careful step by the Senate and House of Representative (Epic, 2011) Stanmore Cooper v. FAA (2010) Makes sure that people reserve the option to take a gander at their worker document to ensure that data is exact. A case of this would be that organizations are required to convey security notification to their clients. Medication Free Workplace Act of 1988 This demonstration requires certain administration related gatherings to ensure that their work environment is sedate free. Established by Congress as a component of an enemy of medication enactment in 1988 Emerald Steel Fabricators v. Authority of Labor and Industries (2010) The significance of this demonstration is that it guarantees the security of all representatives by guaranteeing that nobody will be working while affected by drugs. Medication testing as a major aspect of an application procedure and if a representative is harmed hands on most organizations require a medication test when they go to the emergency clinic. Polygraph Protection Act of 1988 Prohibits businesses to utilize polygraph tests in an employment form process. On June 27, 1988, Congress sanctioned the Employee Polygraph Protection Act 1 to control the utilization of falsehood identifier gadgets in the working environment Harmon v. CB Squared Services (2009) The significance of this demonstration is that it shields workers from being asked non-work related inquiries and shields bosses from damaging protection issues. The sort of polygraph testing doesn't have any significant bearing to working environment applications since it is nonsensical for businesses to request that candidates accept a polygraph as a component of the application procedure. Laborer Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN) of 1988 Ensures that businesses offer warning to representatives about plant closings or lay-offs. This became law without President Ronal Reagan’s signature using veto-verification Democratic larger part in Congress. Joined Food Workers v. Earthy colored Group, Inc (1996) The significance of this law is to ensure workers of an organization in the wake of a shut-down or lay-off. It permits representatives to secure positions to help their families. The law expects businesses to allow a multi day notice. Organizations regularly give severance bundles to workers dependent on the long periods of administration with the organization when they near assistance facilitate the weight of losing their employment.

8 Tips for Giving a Speech When You Have Social Anxiety

8 Tips for Giving a Speech When You Have Social Anxiety In This Article Table of Contents Expand Exercise Dress for Success Avoid Caffeine Meet Your Audience Admit You Are Nervous Use a Conversational Tone Maintain Good Eye Contact Focus on Content Giving a speech can be anxiety-provoking. Below are eight tips for giving a speech when you have social anxiety. If you have been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD) these tips can help you to become a better public speaker while receiving traditional treatment such as systematic desensitization or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).?? Exercise Getting daily exercise can help to manage anxiety, and a good run or cardio workout on the morning of the day of your speech will keep your endorphins running high and anxiety levels low.?? Dress for Success Choose an outfit that you are comfortable in, that makes you feel good, and that is appropriate for the occasion. If you wear something that you dislike or that doesn’t fit you well, you will be distracted from giving your speech. Avoid Caffeine Coffee, cola, and chocolateâ€"remember that the three “Cs” can be high in caffeine and sugar, which you want to avoid on the day of a speech.?? Try replacing your coffee with a caffeine-free herbal tea and choose balanced meals containing protein to reduce hunger. Meet Your Audience Unfamiliar faces can seem threatening, particularly when you are in the spotlight. Try to talk with some audience members prior to your speech. This will help you to realize that they are just people like you, and not there to judge you. At the same time, if you are overcoming SAD, even speaking one-on-one with a stranger might be anxiety-provoking. Know your own limits and try to minimize stress before your performance. Admit That You Are Nervous Tell your audience that you are nervous. It can be a great ice-breaker and may help to make your audience more receptive. Use a Conversational Tone Keep your audience’s attention by speaking to them the way that you would talk with a friend over dinner. Use a light and conversational tone to make your audience feel at ease. Maintain Good Eye Contact When you have good eye contact with your audience, they will feel more connected to what you are saying.?? Here is a tipâ€"have three or four people that you know position themselves throughout the room and rotate your gaze among them while you speak. If you are comfortable looking around at the audience, try to gauge whether they are keeping up with you or if you need to slow down or explain things in more detail. Focus on Content As you speak, allow yourself to become immersed in the topic and how it will help the members of your audience. Shifting the focus off of yourself and onto the content of your presentation helps to alleviate some of the self-consciousnesses that go along with SAD.?? If all else fails and you do feel anxiety creeping up, realize that it’s not the end of the world. If you’ve ever been in the audience when a speaker was struggling with anxiety, you probably felt bad for the person but didn’t think any less of him or her. Be as kind to yourself as you would be to someone else.

Success And Prosperity Of Shakespeare s Macbeth And ...

Success and Prosperity in Macbeth and The Catcher in the Rye From the beginning of time, achieving success and greatness has been the ultimate human goal. Success can be found in many different forms, from ruling a Roman empire to receiving a high grade on a test. Society’s view of success has changed throughout generations, urging people to conform to society’s beliefs in order to fulfill their goals and dreams. The theme of success and fulfillment are evident in literature and theatre pieces that were written centuries ago, and continue into novels written in the present. The play Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, and the novel The Catcher in the Rye, written by J. D. Salinger follow the lives of two protagonists’ as they are each individually shaped by society’s idea of prosperity. The protagonists of both the novel and the play, Holden and Macbeth, exhibit similar qualities that allow them to attempt to achieve ultimate greatness and find succes s. Both the novel The Catcher in the Rye and the play Macbeth demonstrate the pressure there is on men to prosper and achieve high rankings in society. This pressure leads to the development of wrath and mental illness, resulting in the disruption of harmony. Both Holden and Macbeth possess significant amounts of wrath, causing poor decision-making. To add, Macbeth and Holden both struggle with mental illness, again causing unfavourable outcomes. While the men possess these similarities, they differ in the outcome of their

Character Analysis Of Rose Maxon In Fences By August Wilson

Rose Maxon is the female character in the play ‘Fences’ by August Wilson. She is married to Troy Maxon and together they have a son named Cory. The play takes place in the 1950s and it focuses on racism, oppression, family problems, unity, and infidelity. Particularly Rose, who is a Black woman in the 50s, without an education, a housewife, and is expected to behave as the caretaker for everyone. Rose Maxon: duties include being a mother/caretaker, house taker, wife. Puts herself aside for everyone else’s needs. She experiences the struggle and constant wariness of her family’s safety. Troy, is a garbageman who witnesses much of the racism and segregation that occurs during the 1950s. He provides for his family, and he is considered the†¦show more content†¦According to Sandra G. Shannon, Rose Maxon’s focuses are on â€Å"being a wife, mother and homemaker.† (154) Shannon states that Wilson places Rose as a conformed woman by being th e nurturer but also demands herself some self-respect. She is loving, supportive, outspoken but inferior to her husband in some ways. Rose is not treated like a second-class citizen but is expected to be understanding and forgiving no matter how small or huge the wrong-doing is. Rose is a mixture of strong because she stayed with Troy even though he had an illegitimate child with another woman. She showed such strength when she took Troy’s daughter as her own to raise and told Troy he was a â€Å"womanless man.† She took Troy’s daughter as her own because she told Troy that her daughter is not to blame for her father’s actions. Women’s roles are defined by men still in the 1950s, (155) and she loves Troy enough to accept his flaws up until he confesses having a baby out of wedlock. Women may be forgiving because they know separation/divorce is looked highly down upon and women rely on their husbands financially. Also, women who are alone are less l ikely to succeed, and will run the risk of constantly meeting worse men. (155) When Troy gives Rose the unexpected news about him becoming a father through another woman, Rose first is in shock; asks why did he wait eighteen years to do that and Rose gets angry. She is inShow MoreRelatedEssay on An Analysis for the Play Fences1293 Words   |  6 PagesFences - An Analysis James E. May Averett University History of the Theatre TH 220 / BBA 469 Ronal Stepney November 07, 2011 The story line seemed melodramatic throughout the play. The author (August Wilson) has laid the ground work of many themes throughout the play. The play deals with Race, Men and their masculinity, Morality, Dreams and hopes of everyone involved, Family, Duty, Betrayal and Dissatisfaction. The play begins with Troy and his best friend Bono entering the yard chattingRead MoreThe Rise And Fall Of Troy Maxon1278 Words   |  6 PagesRise and Fall of Troy Maxon: An Analysis of August Wilson’s play Fences In Fences, August Wilson, the playwright, provides a believable and powerful examination of the African American experience in the late 1950’s. It provides an apt portrayal of the mentality of African American men going into the civil rights movement, as well as a well-developed account of the friction that occurs between a father and a son, and a husband and wife in the face of conflict. According to Wilson, his play providesRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesto Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition Roxy Peck

American value and health care policy Free Essays

United States government has been concerned with the running of the health care to a point of establishing Medicare more than 40 years ago to facilitate the running of the health care institution. Since then, the government has had a role to play toward ensuring that American citizens get access to better health care facilities. There has been remarkable improvement in provision of health care for the last 50 years as the United States government has ensured that the quality of health care is enhanced, it’s more accessible and affordable to all people. We will write a custom essay sample on American value and health care policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Effective treatment of various diseases has been discovered due to the fact that the government has constantly been sponsoring researches to be carried out in molecular biology thereby enhancing the understanding of a number of diseases. (Anderson, Hussey, Frogner and Waters, 2005) State intervention toward the running and management of health care in United States lagged behind the intervention of Europe which was the first to be concerned with the running of their health care systems. In the ancient days, clinical training and medical education in United States had not been standardized until the state intervened toward standardizing the health care institution at the end of the 19th century. A board that would license examination began to be formed in 1870’s and came to be in operation in 1898 in all states. Many people enrolled in the medical schools and by 1900, 10% of physicians who were practicing in America had graduated from the already established medical institutions following the establishment of the licensing examination board. Flexner Report and American Medical Association ensured more medical practitioners graduated from the already established medical institutions and in fact, 20 years later, all medical practitioners who were practicing in United States had graduated from these institutions. (Woolhandler, Campbell and Himmelstein, 2003) The government of United States also has facilitated the provision of health care facilities in United States of America by ensuring there is a considerable national health insurance system. The history of national health insurance date back in 1915 when an association of about 3,500 professionals that included: lawyers, academicians and social scientists proposed the scheme. The American Association of labor Legislation drafted a bill that was proposing that the state to bring forward health legislation that would be compulsory. (Anderson, Hussey, Frogner and Waters, 2005) The government of has been very supportive on the issue of national health insurance scheme that would benefit the American citizens. A security Act was signed in1935 by then the president of United States of America President Roosevelt which brought about the issue of renewing the discussion of coming up with a governmental national insurance scheme. Later on, Senator Wagner attempted to introduce a bill that was meant to outline a federal health program that would serve all the American citizens in 1939. However, his efforts failed to bear fruits as the bill never gathered enough support that is required for enactment of a bill. The efforts of the legislator to come up with a bill that would facilitate the provision of health care did not end there. In early 1950’s during Truman administration, a health care bill was revived and this time as Ewing proposal. The bill despite being submitted to the congress for action and enactment, nothing was heard of it and those efforts did not bear any fruit. (Anderson, Hussey, Frogner and Waters, 2005) The role of the government on provision and running of health care systems in United States came to right in 1965 after President Lyndon Johnson signed a health bill thereby creating Medicare. Since then, provision of health care in United States has never been the same and all American citizens have had the access to better medical care within their reach. (Feldman, 2001) There has been significance growth of national health care and Medicare costs that are said to have been contributed by: ? Newly introduced diagnostic equipments and facilities. ? Increased population especially of the elderly people which is projected to increase to about 45 millions in ten year’s time. ? Administrative costs that are rapidly increasing. ? Advancement of medical technology which is advancing day by day, and ? Advancement of surgical procedures such as hip replacement and coronary artery bypass. A number of medical equipments were discovered that have significantly added value to the overall provision of medical care in United States. These equipments have enabled health care facilities to offer efficient health care to the American citizens and these machines include: blue cross, respirator, dialysis machine and iron lung. These have enable provision of health care to show some improvement as they enabled diagnosis of diseases even to be faster. The government has been very supportive more so in the provision of funds to Purchase drugs. The budgetary cost of prescribed drugs has been increasing significantly of the years and in fact, provision of medical care is known be spending the highest share of the total national budgetary allocation. Statistics shows that drugs prescribed in 1980 were 6% and this increased in 2003 to 12%. It is projected that due to the increased population of the elderly, the budget allocation on Medicaid, entitlement of social security and Medicare is to increase and expenditure is estimated by 2025 to reach $4 trillion. (Anderson, Hussey, Frogner and Waters, 2005) Although the government shows some willingness to provide affordable health care to all American, it is the high time the society should take a challenge of accepting national health care scheme that is provided and be ready to pay contribute toward it. They should also take the initiative of avoiding the administration and control therein by the awkward governmental and insurance bureaucracy in the industry. It is the high time American citizens are supposed to advocate for provision of effective and efficient health care delivery that is accessible and affordable. (Woolhandler, Campbell and Himmelstein, 2003) The question medical practitioners need to ask themselves is whether they have a responsibility on caring for all American citizens who are ill. It is difficult for one to survive if he or she is unhealthy hence seeking health care by American citizens and any other human being is mandatory. Indeed if all American people are healthy, there will be increased productivity since everyone will be working toward building the national. This in turn increases tax that will be collected by the exchequer as result of increased productivity. As a result, it makes life even better since more funds will be allocated to various projects that are beneficial to the common citizens such as government health care, improving of transport network and provision of education among other amenities. For this care, I would urge the federal government to continue allocating a high share of fund to Medicare when it comes to allocation of funds in the annual national budget. References Anderson, G. F. , Hussey, P. S, Frogner, B. F. , Waters, H. R. (2005): Health spending in the United States and the test of the industrialized world; Health Aff (Millwood) 2005; 24:908 –11 Feldman, R. D. (2001): American Health Care: Government, Market Processes, and the Public Interest. Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute Rothman, D. J. (1997). Beginnings Counts: The Technological Imperative in American Health Care: New York, Oxford University Press Woolhandler, S. Campbell, T. and Himmelstein, D. U. (2003): Costs of health care administration in the United States and Canada. N Engl J; Med 2003; 349:768 –75 How to cite American value and health care policy, Papers

Paul`s Case By Willa Cather Essays - Willa Cather, Pauls Case

Paul`s Case By Willa Cather It is said that books are better then the movies created from books. I feel that the story and the film complement each other for Willa Cather's short story, "Paul's Case," is about a young, Calvinist man who did not feel that he belonged in his life. He lived on Cordelia Street in Pittsburgh, PA. Cordelia Street was littered with cookie cutter houses, suburbanite-like city-dwellers, and a general aura of despair. Paul's room was no different. Paul felt that his abusive father, uncaring teachers, and classmates who misunderstand him aren't worthy of his presence and company. Paul is so infatuated with living the life of a performer that it leads him to thievery. Paul's only joy comes from his love for the arts. He is an usher in a concert hall, and spends most of his time behind the scenes in a theatre helping the actors. He longs to live the life of a rich person but doesn't seem to realize that he must work for it. Both the film and the short story emphasize these characteristics within the main character, and after seeing the movie, the reader gets a better idea of the emotions that are running through Paul's head. You really don't get a feel for Paul's character until you see the expression on his face while watching a play be performed, his face changing with the music and the joyfulness he feels when the drama is complete This sort of fantasy world he wishes to lives in soon becomes a reality for him. After being fired from his position at the concert hall, and being expelled from school, Paul is given a job by one of his father's friends. Paul was sent to the bank with server thousands of dollars to make a deposit. The movie tells that he just took it all and went home. Where in the book, he actually went back to work; finished his shift asked for Saturday off and then went home. The next day Paul took the train into New York. Paul had always spoken of New York and he dreamed of going there. Now he had his chance. When Paul was in the city, he lived like a rich person; He slept at the finest hotels, ate the best foods and spent money like it was no object. After living like a king for more than a week Paul discovered the entire affair exploited in the Pittsburgh papers, the papers also spoke of a rumor that he was seen in a New York Hotel. He knew his father would come looking for him. Confused and scared, Paul panicked. During the file, this portion of the story gives the viewer some confusion as to what is going on. Paul's believes he sees his father in the lobby of the hotel room, without reading the book, the viewer would have no idea that the person asking questions was, to Paul, his father. The Ending to Paul's case is better told in the written form. Paul's character is better understandable at this point and you beguine to feel what he is going through. As he nears the train, all of his emotions, his fears, and thoughts become very understandable. And even as he partakes in his owe destruction the reader is given his every feeling, right up to the end. With so much going on in this story, it is some times hard to understand it all that is why the movie is an excellent tool to help comprehending Paul's case. Without having reading the book, the movie would have made little sense and the viewer would become lost. This is why both, the movie and the book, complement each other.

Change Must Occur for Progress to Proceed in the Post-Civil essays

Change Must Occur for Progress to Proceed in the Post-Civil essays Change Must Occur for Progress to Proceed in the Post-Civil War America Many people may define progress as moving forward, advancing, or the growth of a concept for the good of the people that it affects. The vision of progress held by Terence V. Powderly was clearly expressed in the document Terence V. Powderly, The Knights of Labor, 1889. Booker T. Washington also expressed his vision of progress in an address given in Atlanta in 1895. These men had a vision which was to unite the peoples of America to work toward bettering the nations economy and the working and living conditions of its citizens. In order for this progress to occur in post-Civil War America the people had to see how the current conditions of the country, poverty, segregation and racism, and poor working atmosphere were hindering the potential progress of the free workforce. Once these problems were identified, a change had to be accepted by all. Terence V. Powderly was the Grand Master Workman for the Knights of Labor in 1889. In a constitution adopted by the Industrial Brotherhood, he addressed his vision of what needed to be done for workers to ensure a better life for the citizens and advancement of the country. Powderly fought for fair, safe conditions in the workplace (miners, manufacturers, or builders), the enactment of an eight hour work day, and for workers to receive a proper share of the money that they earn. Also he fought for the prohibition of child labor defined as any worker under the age of fourteen. Powderly believed, It was necessary to teach the laborer that it was not essential for him to grovel in the dust at the feet of a master in order to win his title deed to everlasting bliss in the hereafter, 1 Most significantly Powderly wanted to teach the masses not be controlled by the forces in charge without just compensation and conditions for their work. Sharecropping was a common means of living on the South ...

Organizational Metaphor Definition and Examples

Organizational Metaphor Definition and Examples An organizational metaphor is a figurative comparison (that is, a metaphor, simile, or analogy) used to define the key aspects of an organization and/or explain its methods of operation. Organizational metaphors provide information about the value system of a company and about employers attitudes toward their customers and employees. Examples and Observations [M]etaphor is a basic structural form of experience by which human beings engage, organize, and understand their world. The organizational metaphor is a well-known way in which organizational experiences are characterized. We have come to understand organizations as machines, organisms, brains, cultures, political systems, psychic prisons, instruments of domination, etc. (Llewelyn 2003). The metaphor is a basic way in which human beings ground their experiences and continue to evolve them by adding new, related concepts that carry aspects of the original metaphor.(Kosheek Sewchurran and Irwin Brown, Toward an Approach to Generate Forward-Looking Theories Using Systemic Concepts. Researching the Future in Information Systems, ed. by Mike Chiasson, Ola Henfridsson, Helena Karsten, and Janice I. DeGross. Springer, 2011)What we may discover in analyzing organizational metaphors are complex relationships between thought and action, between shape and reflection.(Dvora Yanow, How Does a Pol icy Mean? Georgetown University Press, 1996) Frederick Taylor on Workers as Machines Perhaps the earliest metaphor used to define an organization was provided by Frederick Taylor, a mechanical engineer interested in better understanding the driving forces behind employee motivation and productivity. Taylor (1911) argued that an employee is very much like an automobile: if the driver adds gas and keeps up with the routine maintenance of the vehicle, the automobile should run forever. His  organizational metaphor for the most efficient and effective workforce was the well-oiled machine. In other words, as long as employees are paid fairly for their outputs (synonymous with putting gas into a vehicle), they will continue to work forever. Although both his view and metaphor (organization as machine) have been challenged, Frederick Taylor provided one of the first metaphors by which organizations operated. If an organizational employee knows that this is the metaphor that drives the organization, and that money and incentives are the true motivating factors, then this e mployee understands quite a bit about his organizational culture. Other popular metaphors that have surfaced over the years include organization as family, organization as system, organization as circus, organization as team, organization as culture, organization as prison, organization as organism, and the list goes on. (Corey Jay Liberman, Creating a Productive Workplace Culture and Climate: Understanding the Role of Communication and Socialization for Organizational Newcomers. Workplace Communication for the 21st Century: Tools and Strategies That Impact the Bottom Line, ed. by Jason S. Wrench. ABC-CLIO, 2013) Wal-Mart Metaphors The people-greeters give you the feeling that you are part of the Wal-Mart family and they are glad you stopped by. They are trained to treat you like a neighbor because they want you to think of Wal-Mart as your neighborhood store. Sam [Walton] called this approach to customer service aggressive hospitality. (Michael Bergdahl, What I Learned From Sam Walton: How to Compete and Thrive in a Wal-Mart World. John Wiley Sons, 2004)Lawyers representing these women [in the court case Wal-Mart v. Dukes] . . . claimed that Wal-Marts family model of management relegated women to a complementary yet subordinate role; by deploying a family metaphor within the company, Wal-Marts corporate culture naturalized the hierarchy between their (mostly) male managers and a (mostly) female workforce (Moreton, 2009).  (Nicholas Copeland and Christine Labuski, The World of Wal-Mart: Discounting the American Dream. Routledge, 2013)Framing Wal-Mart as a kind of David in a battle with Goliath is no accident al moveWal-Mart, of course, has worn the nickname of the retail giant in the national media for over a decade, and has even been tagged with the alliterative epithet the bully from Bentonville. Attempts to turn the tables of this metaphor challenge the person-based language that otherwise frames Wal-Mart as a behemoth bent on expansion at all costs. (Rebekah Peeples Massengill, Wal-Mart Wars: Moral Populism in the Twenty-First Century. New York University Press, 2013) Think of Wal-Mart as a giant steamroller moving across the global economy, pushing down the costs of everything in its pathincluding wages and benefitsas it squeezes the entire production system.   (Robert B. Reich, Supercapitalism: The Transformation of Business, Democracy, and Everyday Life. Knopf, 2007)After experiencing the flaws of having someone in Bentonville make decisions about human resources in Europe, Wal-Mart decided to move critical support functions closer to Latin America.The metaphor it used for describing this decision is that the organization is an organism. As the head of People for Latin American explains, in Latin America Wal-Mart was growing a new organism. If it was to function independently, the new organization needed its own vital organs. Wal-Mart defined three critical organsPeople, Finance, and Operationsand positioned them in a new Latin American regional unit. (Kaihan Krippendorff, The Way of Innovation: Master the Five Elements of Change to Reinvent Your Products, Services, and Organization. Platinum Press, 2003) The Big Tent Metaphor In what many observers will see as the de facto expression of mainstream U.S. Jewrys outlook on J Street, members of the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations voted 22-17 (with three abstentions) to reject the membership application of the self-labeled pro-Israel, pro-peace lobby. . .   J Street said in a statement, This is a sad day for us, but also for the American Jewish community and for a venerable institution that has chosen to bar the door to the communal tent to an organization that represents a substantial segment of Jewish opinion on Israel. Jewish leaders have used a big tent metaphor to describe which views on Israel and U.S. foreign policy are encompassed within the communitys consensus. Since its formation in 2008, J Street has been a frequent subject of debates on how far that tent stretches, and the groups bid to join the Conference of Presidents proved no different. Alina Dain Sharon and Sean Savage, J Street Rejected by Umbrella Group. (Heritage Florida Jewish News, May 9, 2014) Football as a Flawed Organizational Metaphor for Fire Fighting A metaphor seeps deeply into organizational narratives because the metaphor is a way of seeing. Once established it becomes a filter through which participants both old and new see their reality. Soon enough the metaphor becomes the reality. If you use the football metaphor you would think that the fire department ran a series of set plays; finite, divisible, independent actions.You could also assume that at the end of these short segments of violent action, everyone stopped, set up the next plan and then acted again. A metaphor fails when it does not accurately reflect core organizational processes. The football metaphor fails because fires are extinguished in one, essentially, contiguous action, not a series of set plays. There are no designated times for decision making in firefighting and certainly no timeouts, though my aging bones might wish that there were.(Charles Bailey, Metaphors Mask Realities of Firefighting. FireRescue1, Feb. 16, 2010)

Economic history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Economic history - Essay Example setting up policies like maximizing the use of domestic resources, limiting wages, export subsidies, all aimed at accumulating monetary reserves (Brue & Randy 42). David Hume disagreed with mercantilism on their trade restrictions by stressing that trade restrictions are restriction of innovation, and so these opened avenues for uniform market competition. Physiocrats stressed the importance of agriculture in the economy; he proposed that agriculture is a vital organ in the development of any economy. He suggested an economic environment free of government restrictions when it comes to transactions between two private parties; the only regulations he proposed are those that protects property rights. Since individuals have a natural right to freedom, it should be understood that nature is a self-regulating system and harmonious so human control should never be factored in. Adam smith proposed the idea of artificial stimulation of manufacturing and trade; he made it clear that real wealth of a country not only consist of gold and silver, but also in its houses, lands and consumable goods of all different kinds (Brue & Randy 45). He fueled foreign trade by recognizing that it could explore the overseas markets and largely promote development of production capabilities of the nation and consequently lead to a rise in real wealth owned by a country. He also contributed to the idea of a free market by proposing to the government to reduce and abandon control over foreign trade, and he suggested for the implementation of free trade policies. David Ricardo shed light on the importance of agriculture, by analyzing the importance of diminishing returns. He postulated that a utility is mandatory for exchange values, but does not determine it. He promoted extreme industrial specialization by proposing that a nation should put more efforts on industries in which it is more internationally competitive. Ricardo suggested trade with other countries to obtain goods not produced

Answer 1 of 2 given questions with given sources Essay

Answer 1 of 2 given questions with given sources - Essay Example While some perceive him as a leader who abused powers and ignored the ideals of the French Revolution, others consider him as a successful leader who delivered the ideals of the French Revolution to his subjects. In this paper, I will comprehensively discuss the figure of Napoleon Bonaparte, his domestic and foreign policies, with an aim of illustrating whether he destroyed or preserved ideals of the French Revolution. Napoleon was a great strategist, a genius, a man with great self-control and very keen to protect his reputation. He had no friends and loved nobody simply because he believed that a man must be firm and have a resolute heart in order to protect the freedoms of citizens and fight the enemies of political, economic and social progress1. In the Napoleon’s diary, he evidently believed that his success and reputation depended on his ability to win wars, and this made him fight strongly for the freedom of French nationalist. â€Å"My power proceeds from my reputation, and my reputation from the victories I have won†¦conquest has made me what I’m; only conquest can maintain me."2 Being a genius and a strategist enabled him maintain an army that could hardly be overpowered. He had a team of secret police that was headed by Joseph Fouchà ©, spies in every corner of his territory to counteract unfriendly governments and watch the actions of friendly powers3. The police f orce that was supported by millions of taxpayers’ money was predominant in helping Napoleon seize freedom from his political adversaries. What’s more, in many battles, he fought alongside his militias hence giving them inspiration and the army became very loyal to him. Apparently, it makes sense to consider Napoleon as a leader who preserved the ideals of the French Revolution. Upon completion of the revolution, Napoleon had fulfilled the ideals that the

Stalin Vs. Hitler Essay -- essays research papers

Run to the Top Josef Stalin, a politician from the earliest beginnings of his life, strove to achieve a national sense of power during his reign over the citizens of Russia. Adolf Hitler, however, a born high school dropout somewhat longed for a place in life. He rather fell into his role as a politician, after his brief shortcomings in arts and sciences. These two individuals developed varying ideas to put their controlling minds to work to lead their political parties in the direction of total domination of the state. In the beginning Josef Stalin was a worshiper of his beloved Vladimir Lenin. He followed his every move and did as he said to help establish and lead the Bolshevik party. Much of the early part of his political career was lost due to his exile to Siberia for most of World War I. It wasn’t until 1928, when he assumed complete control of the country were he made most of his success. After Lenin’s death in January 1924, Stalin promoted his own cult followings along with the cult followings of the deceased leader. He took over the majority of the Socialists now, and immediately began to change agriculture and industry. He believed that the Soviet Union was one hundred years behind the West and had to catch up as quickly as possible. First though he had to seal up complete alliance to himself and his cause. Stalin saw a need to sure up the allegiance to him by all who were under him. Therefore, he needed to fight out against those who opposed him. So for the rest of 1924, the Politburo continued to argue about the future of the Soviet economy. The fiercest argument was between Stalin and Trotsky over Trotsky's theory of permanent Revolution. Trotsky thought that Communism could not survive in the USSR alone. He argued that the capitalist countries of the West feared Communism and would try to destroy it. For this reason, he said, it was necessary to spread Communism to the countries of Western Europe and to their overseas colonies. This would be done by giving help to revolutionary groups and parties in Western Europe. Stalin put forward an opposite theory - the theory of Socialism in One Country. He argued that the USSR must always come first in the government's plans. The rest of the world must take second place. The Communists should concentrate on building up the economy of the USSR, not waste money on helping revolutionary groups abroad.... ...t still got over four million. This is the deviant plan which helped Hitler reach is ultimate goal of a complete governing power by himself with no one to question his authority. These two men were very demanding in obtaining what they thought should be the rule of a nation by their own personal control. Stalin and Hitler were very close in the same way that they had an aggressive vigor to force a type of commanding dictatorship into their respective countries. Each had a special army that they put in high regard politically to where they were considered special police agents. These armies were under different orders, but their main objectives were to stop anyone who opposed, or were thought to be in opposition to the head of state. Also, both Stalin and Hitler had ideas to improve the education levels and economic prosperity of their own countries, each trying to put their own at the top of the world in industry and commerce. Although Hitler and Stalin were opposed to each other’s own strategies and political stance on being a world dominator, they were very similar in the way to which they fought for political power. From the Hitler/Stalin book about 1200 page book comparison

Common Biases and Errors in Decision-Making Process

COMMON BIASES AND ERRORS IN DECISION-MAKING PROCESS In addition to engaging in bounded rationality, an accumulating body of research tells us that decision makers allow systematic biases and errors to creep into their judgments. These come out of attempts to shortcut the decision process. To minimize effort and avoid difficult trade-offs, people tend to rely too heavily on experience, impulses, gut feelings, and convenient aâ‚ ¬? rules of thumb. aâ‚ ¬? In many instances, these shortcuts are helpful. However, they can lead to severe distortions from rationality.The following highlights the most common distortions. Overconfidence Bias:  Itaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s been said that aâ‚ ¬? no problem in judgment and decision making is more prevalent and more potentially catastrophic than overconfidence. aâ‚ ¬? When weaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re given factual questions and asked to judge the probability that our answers are correct, we tend to be far too optimistic. For instance, studies have fo und that, when people say theyaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re 65 to 70% confident that theyaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re right, they were actually correct only about 50% of the time. And when they say theyaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re 100% sure, they tended to be 70 to 85% correct.From an organizational standpoint, one of the more interesting findings related to overconfidence is that those individuals whose intellectual and interpersonal abilities are weakest are most likely to overestimate their performance and ability. So as mangers and employees become more knowledgeable about an issue, the less likely they are to display overconfidence. Overconfidence is most likely to surface when organizational members are considering issues or problems that are outside their area of expertise. Anchoring Bias:  The anchoring bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information as a starting point.Once set, we then fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information. The anchoring bias occurs because our mind appears to give a d isproportionate amount of emphasis to the first information it receives. So initial impressions, ideas, process, and estimates carry undue weight relative to information received later. Anchors are widely used by professional people such as advertising writers, managers, politicians, real estate agents, and lawyersaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ where persuasion skills are important For instance, in a mock jury trial, one set of jurors was asked by the plaintiffaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attorney to make an award in the range of Rs. million to Rs. 25 million. Another set of jurors was asked for an award in the range of Rs. 25 million to 75 million. Consistent with the anchoring bias, the median awards were Rs. 5 million versus Rs. 25 million in the two conditions. Consider the role of anchoring in negotiations and interviews. Any time a negotiation takes place, so does anchoring. As soon as someone states a number, your ability to objectively ignore that number has been compromised. For instance, when a prosp ective employer asks how much you were making in your prior job, your answer typically anchors the employeraâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offer.Most of us understand this and upwardly aâ‚ ¬? adjustaâ‚ ¬? our previous salary in the hope that it will encourage our employer to offer us more. Anchoring can distort employment interviews. The initial information you might get interviewing a job candidate is likely to anchor your assessment of the applicant and unduly influence how you interpret information that you obtain later. Confirmation Bias:  The rational decision-making process assumes that we objectively gather information. But we donaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t. We selectively gather information.The information bias represents a specific case of selective perception. We seek out information that reaffirms our past choices, and we discount information that contradicts past judgments. We also tend to accept information at face value that confirms our preconceived views, while being critical and skep tical of information that challenges these views. The information we gather is typically biased toward supporting views we already hold. This confirmation bias influences where we go to collect evidence because we tend to seek out places that are more likely to tell us what we want to hear.It also leads us to give too much weight to supporting information and too little to contradictory information. Availability Bias:  Many more people suffer from fear of flying than fear of driving in a car. The reason is that many people think flying is more dangerous. If flying on a commercial airline was as dangerous as driving, the equivalent of two 747s filled to capacity would have to crash every week, killing all aboard, to match the risk of being killed in a car accident.But the media give a lot more attention to air accidents, so we tend to overstate the risk of flying and understate the risk of driving. This illustrates an example of the availability bias, which is the tendency for peop le to base their judgments on information that is readily available to them. Events that evoke emotions, that are particularly vivid, or that have occurred more recently tend to be more available in our memory. As a result, we tend to be prone to overestimating unlikely events like an airplane crash.The availability bias can also explain why managers, when doing annual performance appraisals, tend to give more weight to recent behaviors of an employee than those behaviors of six or nine months ago. Escalation of Commitment Error:  Another distortion that creeps into decisions in practice is a tendency to escalate commitment when a decision stream represents a series of decisions. Escalation of commitment refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence that itaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wrong.An example of this is of my friend, who has been dating a woman for about four years. He admitted that things werenaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t going too well in their relationship; he informed m e that he was going to marry the woman. A bit surprised by his decision, I asked him why. He responded: aâ‚ ¬? I have a lot invested in the relationship! aâ‚ ¬? It has been well documented that individuals escalate commitment to a failing course of action when they view themselves as a responsible for the failure. That is they aâ‚ ¬? throw good money after badaâ‚ ¬? o demonstrate that their initial decision wasnaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t wrong and to avoid having to admit they made a mistake. Escalation of commitment is also congruent with evidence that people try to appear consistent in what they say and do. Increasing commitment to previous actions conveys consistency. Escalation of commitment has obvious implications for managerial decisions. Many an organization has suffered large losses because a manager was determined to prove his or her original decision was right by continuing to commit resources to what was a lost cause from the beginning.In addition, consistency is a cha racteristic often associated with effective leaders. So managers, in an effort to appear effective, may be motivated to be consistent when switching to another course of action. In reality, effective managers are those who are able to differentiate between situations in which persistence will pay off and situations in which it will not. http://www. citeman. com/384-common-biases-and-errors-in-decision-making-process. html

Religion Is A Major Source Of Gender And Sexual Inequality

Religion is a major source of gender and sexual inequality. Religion is important in society as it contributes significantly to social solidarity. However religion can also be regarded as a source of alienation in which people lose the connection with themselves and their fellow humans. Marx believed that religion can also be seen as a contributor to oppression because not only does it encourage meekness and passivity and deflected people from resisting suffering in this world (Van Krieken et al 2014, p.312). The ideas of masculinity and femininity, expectations of women and men, judgments of women s and men s actions, rules about proper male and female behavior applied to children, different treatment between men and women are all ideas†¦show more content†¦Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development states during a child’s age of 2-7 â€Å"speech becomes more social†¦has an intuitive grasp of logical concepts and concepts formed are crude and irreversibleà ¢â‚¬ , which makes a child or children tremendously vulnerable to social perceptions set by the parents who’s perceptions are influenced by their particular religion (Child Development Institute, 1999-2015) Throughout all children’s upbringing social programming is involved. Social programming occurs when parents pass down morals, values and behaviors to they’re children with religion being but not limited to the result of social programming. Taking a child to a certain church consistently will allow that child or children to identify him or herself as a part of that specific religion. With finding their place in religion children develop behaviors, values and morals that their parents have learned in accordance with their gender. Gender inequality is strongly influenced at a young age and is passed down from generations to generations Another factor of gender inequality in the upbringing of children are gender roles. The division of chores at home forces a developing awareness of unfair normative gender stereotypes on children from a dangerously young age. Spain expects equality of all adults, having enshrined legal sanctions against married men who refuse to do housework in 2005 and also the latest